'Carbohydrates '

'Carbohydrates ( earnings ) - sensation of the most authorized and dissemination unite classifys of natural essential compounds.\n\nThey account for 80 % of the prohibitionist figure out material , and close 2 % of the dry substance of animal(prenominal) organisms .\n\nAnimals and people ar not subject to synthesize coles and cast - out them with antithetical food veggie origin.\n\nIn plants, carbohydrates ar formed from century dioxide and water in the involved response of photosynthesis carried out by solar muscle with the jet blusher of plants - chlorophyl.\n\nDepending on the mental synthesis of carbohydrates (sugars ) componentic number 18 divide into:\n\n6SO2 + 6 water supply C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---------\n\n1. monosaccharides :\n\n- Glucose C6H12O6\n\n- Fructose C6H12O6\n\n- Ribose S5N10O5\n\n2 . disaccharides :\n\n- saccharose S12N22O11\n\n3 . polysaccharides :\n\n- Starch ( S6N10O5 ) n\n\n- Cellulose ( S6N10O5 ) n\n\nmonosaccharides\n\nglucose C6H12O6\n \nIn humans, glucose is contained in the muscles, the declivity in sm totallyish amounts in all cells.\n\nMuch glucose is in fruits, berries, nectar of flowers , specially a mess of grapes .\n\nIn nature, glucose is produced in plants as a result of photosynthesis in the heraldic bearing of green matter - chlorophyll containing magnesium pinch .\n\n6SO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----------\n\nThere argon the following geomorphological dominion of glucose :\n\n- break chain - Glucose is twain polyatomic\n\nnym alcohol and aldehyde .\n\n- Cyclic, which has a divergent spatial social organisation -\n\nof :\n\nand - form glucose - hydroxyl radical radical group (-OH ) at the first and\n\nthe insurgent carbon atom located at one grimace of the ring .\n\nb - a form of glucose - the hydroxide groups be on opponent\n\nof the ring of the molecule.\n\nThese forms be in event in a chemical proportionality with each\n\n some other reaction ( glucose mutarotation ) .\n\n close ly H\n\nCH2OH CH2OH C\n\nN O N N - C - H He more or less It\n\n only if ==== H - C - H H ====\n\nHe H H - C - H He He\n\nHe He H - C - H He He\n\nHe CH2OH H H He\n\na - b glucose - glucose\n\n supplying :\n\n1. Hydrolysis of starch in the presence of sulfuric corrosive ( industrial\n\ntion method) :\n\n( S6N10O5 ) n + ----- nC6H12O6 nN2O\n\nstarch , glucose\n\n2 . discount of formaldehyde in the presence of calcium hydroxide\n\n(proposed by AM preciselylerov )\n\n somewhat Ca (OH) 2\n\n6H - With ---------- C6H12O6\n\nformaldehyde H glucose\n\n somatogenic airscrew:\n\nGlucose - a pallid poly coherent real with a new UWC - Som , right away disintegrable in aqueous solution crystallizes vode.Iz .\n\n chemical properties:\n\nChemical properties are due to the presence of an aldehyde ( - CHO) and a hydroxyl (-OH ) groups.\n\n1. Properties characteristic of alcohols :\n\n- Vzaimdeystvie with carboxylic acerbics to form complex\n\ntion esters ( esterification reaction ) .\n \n2 . Properties characteristic of aldehydes :\n\n interaction with ash gray oxide (I) to ammonium hydroxide solution\n\n(reaction silver mirror )\n\n about(predicate) some\n\nCH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - Ag2O + C ----- CH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - C +2 Ag\n\ngluconic acid glucose H He\n\n- reduction ( hydrogenation) - to hexahydroxyalcohols ( sor -\n\nbit):\n\n rough [H]\n\nCH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - CH2 OH C ------ - [CH (OH)] 4 - CH2 OH\n\nH glucose sorbitol\n\n3 . particularized reactions - hullabaloo:\n\n- alcohol-dependent zymolysis :\n\nC6H12O6 + 2CO2 ----- 2S2N5ON\n\nglucose, ethyl alcohol\n\n- lactic fermentation:\n\n roughly\n\nC6H12O6 ----- 2CH3 - CH - C\n\nhe He\n\nglucose , lactic acid\n\n- butyric acid fermentation :\n\n intimately\n\nC6H12O6 ----- C3H7 - C 2 H 2 2 CO2\n\nhe\n\nglucose butyric acid\n\nApplication:\n\n- In the confectionery attention ,\n\n- In medicine,\n\n- apply in chemical production fermentation products ( alcohol) .\n\nfruit sugar\n\nH\n\nH - C - He\n\nHe HOCH2 About C = O\n\nBut - C - H\n\nBut H or H - C - He\n\nCH2OH H H - C - He\n\nH - C - He\n\nHe NN\n\nFructose is ketonospirtom because contains a functional group of alcohols and ketones He - C = O.\n\nFructose produced by hydrolysis of saccharose and polisaharidov.Horosho digested.\n\nDisaccharides .\n\nDisaccharides - crystalline carbohydrates, the molecules of which post- roeny of unified residues of deuce molecules of monosaccharides - rows .\n\nThey are salubrious crystallized , ratvorimye in-water of cut kim taste.\n\nIn the hydrolysis of the disaccharide molecule is split into twain molecules of monosaccharides.\n\nCH2OH\n\nN O N H2SO4 HOCH2 About It , t\n\nH2O + H ----------\n\nBut he NN\n\nHe --- O --- CH2OH\n\nH He He H\n\n sucrose\n\nCH2OH\n\nN O N HOCH2 About It\n\nH\n\nHe + ------ H H But\n\nHe He H CH2OH\n\nH He He H\n\nglucose fructose\n\nThe simplest representatives of disaccharides are ordinary beetroot or reprimand sugar - sucrose, maltose - maltose, milk sugar - lactose and cellobiose .\n\n all these disaccharides have the hold same formula S12N22O11 .\n\nsaccharose .\n\n sucrose molecule consists of molecules interconnected residual glucose and fructose.\n\nsaccharose is included in the composition , and sugar beet succus trostnyaka from which it is obtained in the assiduity.\n\nPhysical property:\n\nSucrose (pure ) - Colorless crystalline substance slvdko siemens flavor readily soluble in water.\n\nChemical properties:\n\nSucrose is hydrolyzed - degradation in the presence of mineral acid and sumptuous temperature to glucose and fructose.\n\nS12N22O11 H2O + ------- + C6H12O6 C6H12O6\n\nsucrose, fructose , glucose\n\nApplication:\n\n- As food ,\n\n- In the confectionery industry ,\n\n- To receive hokey honey ( sucrose hydrolysis ) .'